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Climate change in Australia is evident through rising temperatures, erratic precipitation, and sea level increases, mirroring global trends (Asif 2023; Gyanendra et al. 2022; Sovacool et al. 2021; IPCC 2022; Kashif et al. 2022). It significantly impacts groundwater, causing depletion of over 1 m/year, as groundwater recharge depends heavily on annual and seasonal rainfall (BoM 2023; Cook et al. 2022; Maheshwari 2021). As the consequences, it has adverse impact on agricultural system such as reducing cropping yield, increasing pests and diseases and declining of average profit of farm (Alexandra 2023; CCA 2023). It also has a significant threat to land use change in agricultural sector such as continue intensification of land use for agricultural purpose, shifting agricultural zones and increased reliance on unsustainable agricultural practices (Zhang et al. 2015; Mewett et al. 2013; Millar and Roots 2012) which is become major cause of increasing agricultural water demand along with rapid raising of population (Cook et al. 2022; Maheshwari 2021).  Therefore, change of climate and land use have adverse impacts of sustainability of groundwater (Tony et. al 2024; Doble et al. 2024; Cook et al. 2022) due to increasing demand but decreasing availability of groundwater which are also seen on major iconic aquifers of Australia such as Great GAB of Australia (CSIRO 2024; Crosbie et al. 2022; Maheshwari 2021; Smerdon et al. 2012) since the early 1900s. However, the detailed information on current and future climate and land use change impacts to quantity (recharge rate, the rate of flow, depth and storage yield) and evaluation of sustainability of groundwater are unknown (Crosbie et al. 2022; Smerdon et al. 2012). Besides this, there are lack of developing and using effective methods and methodologies for integrating demand-supply analysis for the evolution of sustainability of groundwater under scenarios change of climate and land use in agricultural sector of Australia and even in world (Dao et al. 2024; Cook et al. 2022; Al Atawneh et al. 2021; Barnett et al. 2021; Costelloe et al. 2015) although there are many Geographical Information System (GIS) based models have been used in the world such as SWAT-MODFLOW model (Sisay et al. 2023; Liu et al. 2020, Chunn et al. 2019, Gao et al. 2019), WETSPASS- MF-OWHM model (Jasechko et al. 2024; Soltani et al. 2023; Page et al. 2023; Soundala and Saraphirom 2022; Hamdi et al. 2020; Markstrom et al. 2008), SWAT-MODFLOW-WEAP model (Abbas et al. 2022; Dehghanipour et al. 2019) and SWAT-MODFLOW-GRACE-FO model (Mohamed and Kalifa 2023) for analysis of groundwater storage/supply, CROPWAT Model (Al-Najar 2011) and ARIMA-ETS-NNAR model integrate to GIS (Rajballie et al. 2022)  for demand analysis of groundwater and  SWAT-MODFLOW-TOPSIS-VIKOR-EDAS  model (Paul and Roy 2024), WEAP-MODFLOW-ML model (Jamnani et al. 2024), SWAT-MODFLOW-TOPSIS-Shannon's entropy model (Mundetia et al. 2024) for measurement and evaluation  of sustainability of   ground water in agricultural uses. 
Therefore, the current as well as future supply capacity, agricultural water demands and sustainability of groundwater will be estimated by using the WETSPASS-SWAT-MODFLOW, CROPWAT integration to GIS and WEAP-VIKOR models respectively under the scenarios of change of climate and land use in agricultural sector of Australia as developing a new methodology for the evaluation of sustainability of groundwater based on demand-supply analysis. It will also produce GIS-based maps showing groundwater availability, demand, and sustainability in the GAB, aiding policymakers in creating sustainable groundwater strategies.

For more information, please email the Graduate Research School or phone 0746 311088.