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Throughout the centuries, people have sought a simple way of determining where they are on Earth, and where they are heading. Positioning and navigation have always been one of the most basic problems facing civilisation. Today GPS and other GNSS have provided us with the ability to know where we are and where we are heading. GNSS provides this worldwide navigation service by using a constellation of satellites orbiting the Earth. It is essential that surveyors, GIS specialists, and other casual users be familiar with the fundamentals of GNSS and that they have a sound understanding of its uses, and the accuracy achievable by different GNSS observation and reduction techniques.

The use of Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) such as the Global Positioning System (GPS), for accurately determining positions on earth, has grown exponentially since the late 1980s and early 1990s. Today GNSS is firmly entrenched in the general operations of professional surveying and GIS organisations. This course presents fundamental information on structure, characteristics and use of GPS and other Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS). Background information is provided and the basic principles of using the GNSS systems are introduced. The course has a bias towards the code observable and the use of GNSS for asset mapping, but several sections dealing with higher accuracy measurement techniques make this course relevant to a wide range of students. Consequently, the information will be relevant to those seeking fundamental knowledge in areas of general GNSS surveying, agriculture, machine guidance, mapping and general data collection.

The course objectives define the student learning outcomes for a course. On completion of this course, students should be able to:

1. discuss the features and applications of GNSS and its importance in society today;
2. define coordinates systems likely to be encountered by GNSS users and calculate and discuss GPS coordinates;
3. describe global satellite navigation systems, satellite orbital characteristics, and satellite signal structure;
4. define the fundamental characteristics of GPS/GNSS and outline their development;
5. discuss the principles of GNSS observations, make observations using a GNSS receiver, and calculate and analyse findings;
6. explain GNSS observations techniques, and calculate and evaluate levels of accuracy associated with GNSS observations;
7. demonstrate an understanding of error sources in GNSS observations, and explain the uses and critical factors of Differential GNSS techniques;
8. identify and discuss project planning features when using GNSS, and discuss the key steps in planning a GNSS data collection project for asset mapping;
9. explain GNSS data collection and processing procedures, including Differential (code and phase) GNSS, and evaluate collected and processed data;
10. describe the use of GNSS for asset mapping, and other common uses.